Friday, December 28, 2018
Saturday, October 20, 2018
my multimidea
What is a Multimedia?
A combination of text,
graphics, videos, movies, sounds to enrich the presentation and makes it
sensational by waving together the sensual elements of dazzling pictures and
providing the interactive interface to the users is one of the major objectives
of the multimedia.
Multimedia concept and scope?
The success of cartoon network
(TV Channel) world wide has given a spurt to the animation program. Even the
cartoon network channel is said to premier two feature length 3D animation shows
titled ' pandavas-the five warriors' and 'Sinbad-beyond the evil mists'. Apart
from this, the multimedia technology is fast emerging as an important
destination for outsourcing assignments from the global studios such as Walt
Disney pictures and cartoon network. Almost all advertising industries are
increasingly using animation to capture viewer's imagination. Also animations
are touted to be the next big thing on the internet as soon as the bandwidth
constraints will be resolved .Another area where animation has a lot of scope
is in the high end game technology. This has a huge market globally, requiring both
software, technology and animation.
Friday, October 12, 2018
1....Protocol Definition: It is a digital language through which we communicate with others on the Internet. protocolmeaning is that it a set of mutually accepted and implemented rules at both ends of the communications channel for the proper exchange of information. By adopting these rules, two devices can communicate with each other and can interchange information. We can't even think of using the Internet without Protocols. Each protocol is defined in different terms and different use with unique name. Message travel from sender to reciever via a medium (The medium is the physical path over which a message travels) using a protocol.
2...what is lan: It actually stands for local area network. A network is a group of computers and other devices connected together so they can pass information back and forth. The local area network (LAN) is a network which is designed to operate over a small physical area such as an office, factory or a group of buildings. LANs are very widely used in a variety of applications.
3...A computer network consists of two or more computers that are linked in order to share resources such as printers and CD-ROMs, exchange files, or allow electronic communications. The computers on a computer network may be linked through cables, telephone lines, radio waves, satellites, or infrared light beams.
4...
Thursday, October 11, 2018
Tuesday, September 18, 2018
by arjun basnet
Peak value (
IP ):
Where,
Chapter-1
Introduction
Matter:
Ø In the classical
physics observed in everybody life ,
matter is any substance that has mass and takes up space.
Ø Matter
exists in state for phases ; the
classical solid , liquid and gas.
Ø Matter
should not be confused with mass at the two are not the same in modern physics.
Ø Matter is it
self a physical substance of which system may be composed , while mass is not a
substance but rather a quantatiue property of matter and other substance or
system.
Molecule:
Ø A molecule
is the smallest particle in a chemical element or compound that has the
chemical properties of that element or compound.
Ø A molecule
is one electrically neutral group of two or more atoms held together by
chemical bond.
Ø Molecule can
vary greatly in size and complexity .
Familiar
molecule include water , consisting of two atoms and one oxygen atom (H2O). Fig:
H20 (water)
 |
Hydrogen Hydrogen
Oxygen
Atom:
Ø An atom is
smallest contituent unit of ordinary matter that has the properties of a chemical
element.
Ø Every solid
, Liquid ,gas and plasma is composed of neutral or ionized atoms.
Ø Atom are
very small ; typical size around 100 picometer (a ten billion of matter in the short scales ).
Ø Every atom
composed of a nucleus and one or more
electrons bound to the nucleus.
Charge:
Ø Charge may
be defined as the quantity of unbalanced electricity in a body (either positive or negative ) and construed
as an excess or deficiency of electrons.
Ø Charge comes
in two form , positive (+) and negative charge (-).
Ø Charge is
conserved . This means that we cannot create or destroy change . Charge can
change its form.
Electric charge:
Ø In physics,
charge is also known as electric charge , electrical charge or electrostatic
charge and symbolized Q.
Ø Electric
charge it the physical property of matter that cause it to re experience a
force when placed in an electromagnetic field.
Ø There are
two types of electric charge : positive and negative (commonly carried by
proton electrons respectively ).Like charge repel and unlike.
Current:
Ø Current is
the flow of charge .
Ø Charge flows
in a current .
Ø Current is
reported as the number of charges per unit time passing through a boundary.
What causes current ?
Ø Charge
object move in response to electric and magnetic forces.
Ø These force
come from electric and magnetic field , which in turn comes from the
position and motion of other charge.
Electric current:
Ø An electric
current is flow of electric charge .
Ø In electric
circuit this change is often carried by moving electrons in a wire .
Ø It can also
be carried by iron in an electronic and ionized gas (plasma).
Ø The SI unit
for measuring an electric current is the amphere (which is the flow of electric
charge across a surface at the rate of one coulomb per second.
Direct current (DC):
Ø Direct
current (DC) is the unidirectional flow of electric charge.
Ø If the
current flow on only one direction then it is called direct current or dc.
Ø Direct
current is produced by source such as batteries , power supply ,thermocouple ,
solar cells or dynamos .
Ø Direct
current may be flow in a conductor such as a wire but can also flow through
semiconductor insulation or ion beams.
Ø Direct
current is used to charged batteries and as power supply for electrons.
Ø The diagram
show as oscilloscopes screen displaying the signal from a dc supply.
Figure
of dc current
Application of Direct Current:
i.
Domestic
ii.
Automotive
iii.
Telecommunication
iv.
High voltage power transmission
v.
Other
Alternating current:
Ø If the
current constantly change direction, then it is called alternating current or
ac.
Ø Alternating
current (AC) is an electric current which periodically reserve directions ,
where as direct current (DC) flows in only one direction .
Ø Audio and
radio signals carried on electrical wire are also example of alternating
current .
Ø The diagram
shows an oscilloscope screen displaying the signal from ac supply.
|
Figure
of ac current
Ac VS Dc current (
Alternating current and Direct current)
S.N
|
Alternating current(Ac)
|
Direct current (DC)
|
1.Amount of energy that can be
carried.
|
Safe to transfer city distance and
provide more power.
|
Voltage of Dc cannot travel very
until it being to loss energy.
|
2.Frequency
|
The frequency of according current
is 50 Hz or 60 Hz depending up on the country.
|
The frequency of Direct current is
zero.
|
3.current
|
It is the current of magnitude
varying with time.
|
It is the current of constant
magnitude.
|
4.Direction
|
It reserve its direction while
flowing in a current .
|
It flow in one direction in the
current.
|
5.Passive parameter
|
Impedance
|
Resistance only.
|
6.Power factor
|
Lies between 0 and 1.
|
It is always 1.
|
7.Types
|
Sinusoidal , trope zooidal
,Triangular square.
|
Pure and pulsating.
|
Basic parameter Of Alternating current:
Ø 
In case
of sinusoidal wave form.
In case
of sinusoidal wave form.
Figure
of sinusoidal wave form
Amplitude :
Ø Mathematically,
the amplitude of a sine wave is the value of that same wave as its peak.
Ø However,
when we speak of an ac power supply system it is more powerful to refer to the
effective of current.
Frequency :
Ø Frequency in
term of any regular waveform identifies the number of complete cycle it goes
through in a fixed period of time.
Ø For standard
measurement the period of time is one second ,so the frequency of the wave is
commonly measurement in cycle per second(cycles sec and in normal usage is expressed in unit of Hertz
( Hz)
Ø It is
represent in mathematically equation by letter 'f''.
Wavelength :
Ø Wave length
is very similar to period , except that wave length is measured in distance per
cycle while period is measured in time per second.
Ø Wave length
is denoted by 'f''.
Period :
Ø The amount
of time required to complete one cycle of the wave form rather than the number
of cycle per second of this time is called period.
Ø This is
logically the reciprocal of frequency .
Ø P=1/f .
Peak value (
IP ):
Ø Referring to
the figure , it is the maximum value of
voltage of (vp) or current ( IP ).
Ø The peak
value applies to both positive and negative value of the cycle.
Peak-peak value :
Ø During each
complex cycle of an ac there are always two maximum peak value , one for
positive half- cycle of and the other for the negative half-cycle . The
different between the peak positive
value and peak to peak value of sine wave
Instantaneous value :
Ø The instantaneous
value of an alternating voltage or current is the value of voltage or current
at one particular instant.
Ø The value
may be zero if the the particular instant is the time in cycle at which the
polarity of the voltage is chaning.
Average value:
Ø The average
value of an alternating current or voltage is the average of all the
instantaneous value during one alternation.
Ø Since the
voltage increase from zero to peak value and decrease back to zero during one
alternating , the average value must be same value between these who limits.
Root Mean
Square value (RMSV):
Ø Circuit
current and voltage in AC current are generally stated as root mean square or
rms rather than by quoting the maximum value most mean square for a current is
defined by IRMS =
OHM’S
lAWS :
Ø Ohm’s law
state the current through a conductor between two point is directly
proportional to the voltage across the two point.
Figure of ohms laws
I=v/r
Where,
Ø I, is the
current through the conductor in units of amperes.
Ø V, is the
voltage measure across the conductor in unit of volt.
Ø R, is the
resistor of conductor in unit of ohms.
Kirchhoff’s
circuit law :
Ø Kirchhoff’s circuit law are two equalities that deal with
the current and potential difference in the lumped element model of electrical
circuit.
*Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL):
Ø This law is
also called Kirchhoff’s first law Kirchhoff’s point rule or Kirchhoff’s
Junction rule ( or nodal rule ).
Ø The
principle of conservation of electrical charge implies that : At any node (
Junction) in a electrical circuit , the
sum of current following into that nodel is equa; to the sum of current flowing
out of that node.
or
Ø The algebraic
sum og current in a network of conductor meeting at a point is zero .
Ø I(existing) + I(entering)
= 0
Figure of
KCl
The current
entering any junction is equal to the current leving the 
junction i2
+ 13 = i1 + i4
junction i2
+ 13 = i1 + i4
Uses :
Ø A matrix
version of Kirchhoff’s current law is the basic of must circuit law is the
basic of must circuit simulation software such as SPICE.
Ø Kirchhoff’s
current law combined with ohms law is used is nodal analysis.
Ø KCL is
applicable to any lumped network irrespective of the nature of the network whether unilateral or bilateral , active or passive
linear or non-linear.
2. Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law :
Ø This is also
called Kirchhoff’s second law , Kirchhoff’s loop ( or mesh) rule and
Kirchhoff’s second rule .
Ø The
principle of conservation of energy implies that “
The directed sum of the electrical potential difference ( voltage ) around any
closed network is zero.
Or
Ø “More simple
, the sum of the emfs in any closed loop is equivalent to the sum of potential drops in that loops .
Or
Ø “The
algebraic sum of the product of the resistor of the conductor and the currents
in them in a closed loop is equal to the total emfs available in that loop. EMFS= ELECTRONIC MOTIVE FORCE
The sum of
all the voltage around a loop is equal zero .
i.e: v1 + v2 +v3 – v4 = 0
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